Ansiedade materna e sua interferência na autoeficácia para amamentação / Ansiedad materna y su interferencia en la autoeficacia para la lactancia / Maternal anxiety and its interference in breastfeeding self-efficacy

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a relação entre os sintomas de ansiedade materna com a autoeficácia para a amamentação e a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospectivo, desenvolvido num Centro de Aleitamento Materno de um hospital universitário do município de São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída por 83 puérperas, acompanhadas até 210 dias após o parto. Foram utilizadas a Subescala de Ansiedade da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo e a Escala de Autoeficácia para Amamentação. Resultados A média de escore total de ansiedade foi 3,76 pontos e da autoeficácia materna para amamentar 128,58. Ao longo dos meses os sintomas de ansiedade e a autoeficácia para amamentação apresentaram comportamento semelhante e não significativos estatisticamente. São fatores de risco associados ao incremento dos sintomas ansiosos: aborto, história prévia de depressão, queixa em relação a si mesma, relacionamento familiar e conjugal insatisfatório, piora na relação com o parceiro após o nascimento do bebê e menor autoeficácia materna para amamentação, refletidos nos domínios técnico e pensamentos intrapessoais. O tempo entre a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a ansiedade não foi estatisticamente diferente. Conclusão As puérperas investigadas apresentaram elevada prevalência de sintomatologia ansiosa, com interferência significativa na percepção e confiança em sua capacidade e habilidade materna de amamentar com sucesso o bebê. Não houve associação entre os sintomas de ansiedade e o desmame precoce.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la relación entre los síntomas de ansiedad materna y la autoeficacia para la lactancia y la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, realizado en un Centro de Lactancia Materna de un hospital universitario en el municipio de São Paulo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 83 puérperas, a quienes se les realizó un seguimiento hasta los 210 días después del parto. Se utilizó la Subescala de Ansiedad de la Escala de Depresión Posnatal de Edimburgo y la Escala de Autoeficacia para la Lactancia. Resultados El promedio de la puntuación total de ansiedad fue de 3,76 puntos y de autoeficacia materna para la lactancia 128,58. A lo largo de los meses, los síntomas de ansiedad y la autoeficacia para la lactancia presentaron un comportamiento semejante y no significativo estadísticamente. Los factores de riesgo asociados al aumento de los síntomas ansiosos son: aborto, historia previa de depresión, queja con relación a sí misma, relación familiar y conyugal insatisfactoria, deterioro en la relación con la pareja luego del nacimiento del bebé y menor autoeficacia materna para la lactancia, reflejados en los dominios técnico y pensamientos intrapersonales. El tiempo entre la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la ansiedad no fue estadísticamente diferente. Conclusión Las puérperas investigadas presentaron una elevada prevalencia de sintomatología ansiosa, con interferencia significativa en la percepción y confianza de su capacidad y habilidad materna de amamantar con éxito al bebé. No hubo asociación entre los síntomas de ansiedad y el destete temprano.

Abstract Objective To analyze the relationship of maternal anxiety symptoms with breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods Prospective cohort study developed in a Breastfeeding Center of a university hospital in the city of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 83 postpartum women in follow-up for 210 days after delivery. The Anxiety Subscale of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale were used. Results The mean total score for anxiety was 3.76 points and for maternal self-efficacy to breastfeed was 128.58. Over the months, anxiety symptoms and breastfeeding self-efficacy showed similar behavior and were not statistically significant. The following risk factors were associated with the increase in anxiety symptoms: abortion, previous history of depression, complaints about oneself, unsatisfactory family and marital relationships, worsening of the relationship with the partner after the baby was born and lower maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, reflected in the technique domain and intrapersonal thoughts domain. The time between cessation of exclusive breastfeeding and anxiety was not statistically different. Conclusion The investigated postpartum women had a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms, with significant interference in the perception and confidence in their ability and maternal capability to successfully breastfeed the baby. There was no association between anxiety symptoms and early breastfeeding cessation.

Amamentação em menores de dois anos em uma cidade da Região Amazônica / Lactancia en menores de dos años en una ciudad de la Región Amazónica / Breastfeeding in infants under two years old in a city in the Amazon Region

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a duração do aleitamento materno e os fatores associados ao desmame total de crianças de seis a 23 meses e 29 dias de idade residentes no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Multivacinação em 2016 e Contra a Influenza em 2017. A amostra foi calculada por conglomerados. A coleta de dados foi efetuada com as mães ou os responsáveis de 679 crianças que compareceram às campanhas de vacinação e responderam a um questionário. Utilizou-se a análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier e, para os fatores associados ao desmame total, a regressão de Cox. Para todos os testes estatísticos, foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados O aleitamento materno foi praticado por 65,3% das crianças, cuja média de idade foi de 13,7 meses (DP± 4,9 meses). O tempo médio de desmame total foi de 16,7 meses (IC95%: 16,06 - 17,36) e a mediana de 22 meses, sendo a probabilidade de tempo de aleitamento materno até dois anos em 49,7%. Os fatores associados ao desmame total foram o tempo da experiência anterior em amamentação menor que seis meses, não praticar o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, uso de chupeta e mamadeira. Conclusão A duração do aleitamento materno foi abaixo do recomendado. Os fatores associados ao desmame total de crianças entre 6 e 23 meses estão relacionados à experiência materna prévia, ao início precoce da prática de amamentação e ao uso de bicos artificiais.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la duración de la lactancia materna y los factores asociados al destete total de niños de seis meses a 23 meses y 29 días de edad que viven en el municipio de Cruzeiro do Sul, en la Amazonía Occidental Brasileña. Métodos Estudio transversal, realizado durante la Campaña Nacional de Multivacunación en 2016 y Contra la Influenza en el 2017. La muestra fue calculada por conglomerados. La recopilación de datos se realizó con las madres o los responsables de 679 niños que asistieron a las campañas de vacunación y respondieron un cuestionario. Se utilizó el análisis de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier y, para los factores asociados al destete total, la regresión de Cox. Para todas las pruebas estadísticas se consideró un nivel de significación del 5 %. Resultados La lactancia materna se practicó en el 65,3 % de los niños, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 13,7 meses (DP± 4,9 meses). El tiempo promedio de destete total fue de 16,7 meses (IC95 %: 16,06 - 17,36) y la mediana de 22 meses, con una probabilidad de tiempo de lactancia materna hasta los dos años del 49,7 %. Los factores asociados al destete total fueron el tiempo de una experiencia anterior de lactancia inferior a seis meses, no practicar la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, uso de chupete y de mamadera. Conclusión La duración de la lactancia materna estuvo por debajo de lo recomendado. Los factores asociados al destete total de niños entre 6 y 23 meses están relacionados a experiencias maternas previas, al inicio precoz de la práctica de la lactancia y al uso de tetinas artificiales.

Abstract Objective To analyze the duration of breastfeeding and the factors associated with total weaning of infants aged six to 23 months and 29 days living in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian Western Amazon. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted during the National Multi-Vaccination Campaign in 2016 and Against Influenza in 2017. The sample was estimated by clusters. The data was collected with the mothers or guardians of 679 infants who attended vaccination campaigns and answered a questionnaire. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used, and Cox regression was used for the factors associated with total weaning. A 5% significance level was considered for all statistical tests. Results Breastfeeding was practiced by 65.3% of the infants, whose mean age was 13.7 months (SD± 4.9 months). The mean total weaning time was 16.7 months (95% CI: 16.06 - 17.36) and the median of 22 months, which is the probability of duration of breastfeeding up to two years old in 49.7%. The factors associated with total weaning were previous breastfeeding experience for less than six months, not breastfeeding in the first hour of life, pacifier use and bottle-feeding. Conclusion The duration of breastfeeding was below the recommended. The factors associated with total weaning of infants between six and 23 months are related to previous maternal experience, early initiation of breastfeeding and the use of artificial nipples.

LATCH como ferramenta sistematizada para avaliação da técnica de amamentação na maternidade / LATCH como herramienta sistematizada para evaluar la técnica de lactancia en la maternidad / LATCH as a systematic tool for assessment of the breastfeeding technique in maternity

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as dificuldades das mulheres relacionadas à técnica de amamentação, segundo a escala LATCH e verificar relações com as características sociodemográficas, obstétricas e neonatais. Métodos Estudo analítico transversal com mulheres e respectivos filhos únicos em aleitamento materno exclusivo entre junho e dezembro de 2015. Os escores individuais e total da escala LATCH foram usados para avaliar a técnica de amamentação, considerando-se as dificuldades das mulheres para amamentar e as horas de vida da criança. Os testes Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis e um modelo linear generalizado foram usados para avaliar as relações entre os escores da LATCH e as características sociodemográficas, clínicas e obstétricas. Resultados Dentre as 162 duplas mãe-filho analisadas, as crianças com mais 48 horas de vida apresentaram menos dificuldades em relação à pega (p=0,002), à deglutição audível (p<0,001) e ao posicionamento (p<0,001). No item conforto, as puérperas com filhos com <24 horas de vida apresentaram menos dor (p=0,004). O LATCH foi menor para as mulheres com cirurgia mamária prévia (p=0,005), com filhos prematuros (p=0,011), peso menor de 2.500 gramas (p=0,006) e com <24 horas de vida. Conclusão O uso do LATCH foi útil na análise das dificuldades da técnica de amamentação das mulheres durante a fase da internação, considerando as características da mulher e da criança.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las dificultades de las mujeres relacionadas con la técnica de lactancia, de acuerdo con la escala LATCH y verificar relaciones con características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y neonatales. Métodos Estudio analítico transversal con mujeres y sus respectivos hijos únicos en lactancia materna exclusiva entre julio y diciembre de 2015. La puntuación individual y total de la escala LATCH fue utilizada para evaluar la técnica de lactancia, considerando las dificultades de las mujeres para amamantar y las horas de vida del bebé. Para evaluar las relaciones entre la puntuación de LATCH y las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y obstétricas, se utilizó la prueba χ2 de Pearson, la prueba exacta de Fisher, la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y un modelo lineal generalizado. Resultados Entre los 162 binomios madre e hijo analizados, los niños con más de 48 horas de vida presentaron menos dificultades con relación a la prendida (p=0,002), a la deglución audible (p<0,001) y a la colocación (p<0,001). En el área comodidad, las puérperas con hijos de <24 horas de vida presentaron menor dolor (p=0,004). La puntuación LATCH fue menor en mujeres con cirugía mamaria previa (p=0,005), con hijos prematuros (p=0,011), peso inferior a 2500 gramos (p=0,006) y con <24 horas de vida. Conclusión El uso de la escala LATCH fue útil para analizar las dificultades de la técnica de lactancia de mujeres durante la fase de internación, considerando las características de la mujer y del niño.

Abstract Objective To analyze women's difficulties related to the breastfeeding technique according to the LATCH tool and assess the relationships with sociodemographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics. Methods Cross-sectional analytical study with women in a single birth and their children in exclusive breastfeeding between June and December 2015. The individual and total scores of the LATCH tool were used to assess the breastfeeding technique, considering women's difficulties to breastfeed and the child's hours of life. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and a generalized linear model were used to assess the relationships between LATCH scores and sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric characteristics. Results Among the 162 mother-child pairs analyzed, children over 48 hours of life presented less difficulties in relation to latching (p=0.002), audible swallowing (p<0.001) and positioning (p<0.001). In the comfort item, women with infants <24 hours of life had less painful (p=0.004). The LATCH score was lower for women with previous breast surgery (p=0.005), with premature children (p=0.011) weighing less than 2,500 grams (p=0.006) and aged <24 hours of life. Conclusion The LATCH tool was useful in analyzing women's difficulties with the breastfeeding technique during the hospitalization phase, considering the characteristics of the woman and the child.

Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding / Construcción y validación de un instrumento para la clasificación de las lesiones areolares del pezón derivadas de la lactancia / Construção e validação de um instrumento de classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. Methods: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. Results: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. Conclusions: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y validar una clasificación de las lesiones pezón-areolares resultantes de la lactancia materna según su contenido y apariencia. Métodos: estudio metodológico, desarrollado en cuatro etapas: definición operativa, construcción del instrumento, validación de contenido y apariencia. Para validar contenido y apariencia se utilizó la técnica Delphi y la escala tipo Likert, mediante la participación de diez y dieciséis jueces, respectivamente. Para el análisis se aplicó el Índice de Validez de Contenido y el Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: el Índice de Validez de Contenido obtuvo un valor global de 0,93 y, por apariencia, 0,94. Los valores de Kappa oscilaron entre 0,46 y 1. Las altas tasas de acuerdo entre los jueces demostraron la calidad de la validez del contenido propuesto. Conclusiones: el Instrumento de Clasificación de Lesiones Pezón-Areolares desarrollado obtuvo valores aceptables para sus índices, demostrando ser válido en términos de contenido y apariencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar uma classificação das lesões mamilo-areolares decorrentes da amamentação segundo conteúdo e aparência. Métodos: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas: definição operacional, construção do instrumento, validação de conteúdo e de aparência. Utilizaram-se a técnica Delphi e a escala tipo Likert para a validação de conteúdo e de aparência, por meio da participação de dez e dezesseis juízes, respectivamente. Para análise, aplicou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e o Coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo obteve valor global de 0,93 e, de aparência, 0,94. Os valores de Kappa variaram entre 0,46 e 1. As altas taxas de concordância entre os juízes demonstraram a qualidade da validade de conteúdo proposta. Conclusões: o Instrumento de Classificação das Lesões Mamilo-Areolares desenvolvido obteve valores aceitáveis de seus índices, mostrando-se válido quanto ao conteúdo e aparência.

Construction and validation of an instrument for classifying nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding.

OBJECTIVES: to construct and validate a classification of nipple and areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according to content and appearance. METHODS: this is a methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, content and appearance validation. The Delphi technique and a Likert-type scale were used to validate content and appearance, through the participation of ten and sixteen judges, respectively. For analysis, Content Validity Index and Kappa Coefficient were applied. RESULTS: Content Validity Index obtained an overall value of 0.93 and, for appearance, 0.94. Kappa values ranged between 0.46 and 1. The high rates of agreement among judges demonstrated the quality of the proposed content validity. CONCLUSIONS: the Nipple and Areola Complex Lesions Classification Instrument developed obtained acceptable values of its indexes, proving to be valid in terms of content and appearance.

Breastfeeding Practices and Problems Among Obese Women Compared with Nonobese Women in a Brazilian Hospital.

Background: Women who are obese have lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration and are less likely to breastfeed exclusively compared with women who are not obese. To develop programs to improve breastfeeding practices among this group of women, we investigated the association between maternal obesity and breastfeeding practices and problems in the first days postpartum. Methods: We analyzed medical records from postpartum women at a rooming-in maternity ward in State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2016 and 2018. We included those who had intended to exclusively breastfeed, had given birth to a singleton and were admitted to rooming-in. We analyzed exclusive breastfeeding and nonexclusive breastfeeding each day of hospitalization and the presence of breastfeeding problems, comparing women in the obese category (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) to normal and overweight women (≥18.6 to ≤29.9 kg/m2). Results: Two hundred and twenty-four postpartum women participated, including 86 women in the obese category. More than 50% of women with obesity reported a breastfeeding problem in the first and second postpartum days (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017, respectively) compared with the 41% and 38% nonobese group. Children of obese women were 2.8 times more likely to have poor latch during breastfeeding (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-6.10) compared with the nonobese group on the third day. Conclusion: Maternal obesity increased the probability of breastfeeding difficulties and nonexclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Professionals need to support breastfeeding techniques in the days immediate after delivery to improve breastfeeding outcomes for mothers with obesity.

The effect of a single irradiation of low-level laser on nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial.

Photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (PBM-LLLT) has been introduced as a new tool to relieve nipple pain and repair nipple damage in breastfeeding women; however, evidence is needed to assess its effectiveness. The aim was to evaluate the effect of a single application of PBM-LLLT for breastfeeding women with nipple pain and damage; side effects were also collected. We conducted a randomized double-blinded controlled trial with women with nipple damage who were exclusively breastfeeding and rooming-in at Amparo Maternal maternity service, São Paulo, Brazil (May 2016 to May 2017). Women were randomly assigned into laser (n = 40) or control group (n = 40). Intervention was a single irradiation (660 nm, 100 mW, 2 J, 66.66 J/cm2, 3.3 W/cm2, 20 s of irradiation, punctual, and continuous mode) applied directly. Women reported pain levels at recruitment (before and immediately after irradiation), 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Pain level during a breastfeed was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (0 to 10). The primary outcome was the level of nipple pain immediately after the laser irradiation. Data were analyzed using hierarchical model and Wald test. At baseline, pain levels were similar (mean of 7.4 in laser group and 7.1 in control group). Women's perception of pain reduced approximately one point in both groups. Thirty-one percent of participants in the laser group (11/36) reported secondary effects, such as tingling (10/36) and pricking (2/36). The laser protocol of a single application was not effective in reducing pain in women with damaged nipples. Tingling sensation may be experienced by women receiving laser treatment for nipple damage.

Measurement tools and intensity of nipple pain among women with or without damaged nipples: A quantitative systematic review.

AIMS: To describe and evaluate pain scales used to measure nipple pain in breastfeeding women and to identify nipple pain intensity in women with or without nipple damage. BACKGROUND: Nipple pain is one of the most common reasons given for premature cessation of breastfeeding. However, there are no agreed tools to measure pain and no previous reviews have provided summary estimates of pain scores. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS. REVIEW METHODS: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The guiding question was: How is nipple pain in breastfeeding women measured and how severe is it? We analysed articles published up to February 2018, excluded review articles and those that did not present the level of nipple pain or tools to estimate pain severity. RESULTS: A total of 1,023 articles were identified and 25 were included in the review after applying the exclusion criteria. The Numeric Rating Scale (nine studies) and Visual Analogue Scale (seven studies) were the most prevalent tools for measuring pain. Using a pain score between 0-10, women with nipple damage reported a weighted mean of 6.2 in the first week and 5.8 after that period; women without damage reported a weighted mean of 2.7. CONCLUSION: Women with nipple damage consistently reported a higher level of pain than women without damage. To prevent premature cessation of breastfeeding, it is important to help new mothers avoid nipple damage.

Factors associated to breast implants and breastfeeding. / Fatores associados à mamoplastia de aumento e o aleitamento materno.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the surgical characteristics of breast implants, time elapsed since surgery, access route, implant placement and implanted volume and variables related to breastfeeding, type, first 'milk let-down', breast engorgement, pain, lesion, milk production and use of galactagogues. METHOD: A prospective cohort carried out during the hospital stay (12 to 72 hours after delivery), home care (5thto 7thday after delivery) and telephone contact (between the 30thand 32ndday postpartum) of 115 postpartum women with breast implants between 2015 and 2017. RESULTS: The first evaluation identified more frequent use of oral galactagogues (p=0.029) by puerperal women with prepectoral implants, and of oxytocin spray by those with implants up to 270 ml (p=0.040). The second evaluation showed a higher pain score among those with prepectoral implants (p=0.046). Around the 30thday postpartum, the presence of nipple lesion (p=0.021), pain (p=0.025) and a higher pain score (p=0.039) was more frequent among those with mammoplasty performed less than 10 years ago. CONCLUSION: The presence of pain and a higher pain score, the occurrence of lesion and the use of oral and nasal galactagogues were associated with implant placement, implant size and time elapsed since surgery.

Intimate partner violence among postpartum women: associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the profile and assess the self-esteem of postpartum women, to characterize their babies and partners, and to verify the association of these characteristics with the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV). METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 207 postpartum women assisted in a public clinic. RESULTS: There was no statistic correlation among the sociodemographic variables, personal and obstetric characteristics with the occurrence of IPV. The postpartum women who showed low self-esteem presented a higher exposure risk to IPV (p<0.01; OR=2.01 and CI 95% [1.40-2.87]). The mothers of the babies that were born with low weight (less than 2,500 g) had almost twice the chances of suffering violence (p<0.05; OR=1.74 and CI 95% [1.00-3.03]). The women whose partners did not consume alcohol presented a lower probability to be exposed to IPV (p<0.05; OR=0.182 and CI 95% [0.03-0.93]). CONCLUSION: Women's low self-esteem, babies' inappropriate weight and consumption of alcohol by partners were correlated to the occurrence of IPV.

Dificuldades relacionadas ao aleitamento materno: análise de um serviço especializado em amamentação / Dificultades relacionadas a la lactancia materna: análisis de un servicio especializado en el amamantamiento / Breastfeeding difficulties: analysis of a service specialized in breastfeeding

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a associação entre o tipo de aleitamento e as dificuldades relacionadas à essa prática entre mulheres e crianças assistidas em um ambulatório especializado em amamentação. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado por meio da análise de prontuários de crianças e mulheres atendidas entre 2004 e 2016 em um ambulatório especializado em aleitamento materno. Foram excluídos os registros referentes às mulheres com gestação múltipla e àqueles não realizados em formulário padrão, totalizando 1.608 prontuários. Utilizaram-se os testes Qui-Quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis para comparar o tipo de aleitamento materno com variáveis categóricas; e com os dias de vida e idade materna, respectivamente. O teste Mann-Whitney utilizou-se para comparar a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Resultados O aleitamento materno exclusivo foi praticado por 72,6% das mulheres atendidas, nos primeiros 30 dias após o parto. Houve associação significativa entre esta prática e as dificuldades: percepção materna quanto à quantidade de leite produzida, de mamas cheias antes das mamadas, de vazamento de leite e extração manual do leite com facilidade; posicionamento materno e da criança, preensão, sucção e deglutição da criança adequados; além das variáveis: maior escolaridade, situação conjugal estável; ter tido experiência prévia com aleitamento materno, ter mamilos protrusos, ter realizado contato precoce pele a pele, ter filhos com menor média de dias de idade e que faziam uso de chupeta. Conclusão O aleitamento materno exclusivo foi o mais prevalente nos primeiros 30 dias pós-parto e diversas variáveis maternas e neonatais estiveram associadas à essa prática no primeiro atendimento em ambulatório especializado.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre el tipo de amamantamiento y las dificultades relacionadas con esta práctica entre las mujeres y los niños atendidos en una clínica especializada en la lactancia materna. Métodos Estudio transversal retrospectivo llevado a cabo por medio del análisis de expedientes de niños y mujeres atendidas entre 2004 y 2016, en una clínica especializada en lactancia materna. Se excluyeron los registros referentes a las mujeres con gestación múltiple y a los no realizados de forma estándar, totalizando 1.608 expedientes. Se utilizaron las pruebas Qui-cuadrado y Kruskal-Wallis para comparar el tipo de lactancia materna con variables categóricas; y con los días de vida y edad materna, respectivamente. La prueba Mann-Whitney fue utilizada para comparar la frecuencia de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Resultados La lactancia exclusiva fue practicada por el 72,6% de las mujeres atendidas en los primeros 30 días después del parto. Se observó una asociación significativa entre esta práctica y las dificultades: percepción materna en cuanto a la cantidad de leche producida, de mamas llenas antes de las tomas, de fuga de leche y extracción manual de leche con facilidad; posicionamiento materno y del niño, prensión, succión y deglución del niño adecuados; además de las variables: mayor escolaridad, situación conyugal estable; haber tenido experiencia previa con la lactancia materna, tener pezones sobresalientes, haber realizado contacto precoz piel a piel, tener hijos con menor promedio de días de edad y que hacían uso de chupete. Conclusión La lactancia materna exclusiva fue lo más prevalente en los primeros 30 días después del parto y diversas variables maternas y neonatales fueron asociados con esta práctica en la primera atención en clínicas especializadas.

Abstract Objective To analyze the association between the type of breastfeeding and the difficulties related to this practice among women and children assisted in a clinic specialized in breastfeeding. Methods Cross-sectional retrospective study based on the analysis of medical records of women and children assisted in a clinic specialized in breastfeeding from 2004 to 2016. Medical records of women with multiple pregnancies and documents registered as nonstandard forms were excluded, which resulted in a sample with 1,608 records. The chi-square, nonparametric Mann-Whitney, and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to compare the type of breastfeeding with categorical variables, frequency of exclusive breastfeeding, and days of life and maternal age, respectively. Results Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 72.6% of the assisted women in the first 30 days after childbirth. There was a significant association between this practice and the following difficulties: maternal perception regarding the volume of produced milk, full breasts before breastfeeding, milk leakage, and easy manual milk extraction; proper positioning of mother and child, latch, suction, and swallowing by the child; in addition to the following characteristics: higher level of education; stable marital status; previous experience with breastfeeding; protruding nipples; early skin-to-skin contact with the child; and children with a lower average number of days of life and who used pacifiers. Conclusion Exclusive breastfeeding prevailed in the first 30 days after childbirth and several maternal and neonatal variables were associated with this practice in the first appointment in the specialized clinic.

Intimate partner violence among postpartum women: associated factors / Violencia de pareja en puérperas: factores asociados / Violência por parceiro íntimo entre puérperas: fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the profile and assess the self-esteem of postpartum women, to characterize their babies and partners, and to verify the association of these characteristics with the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV). Method: Cross-sectional study with 207 postpartum women assisted in a public clinic. Results: There was no statistic correlation among the sociodemographic variables, personal and obstetric characteristics with the occurrence of IPV. The postpartum women who showed low self-esteem presented a higher exposure risk to IPV (p<0.01; OR=2.01 and CI 95% [1.40-2.87]). The mothers of the babies that were born with low weight (less than 2,500 g) had almost twice the chances of suffering violence (p<0.05; OR=1.74 and CI 95% [1.00-3.03]). The women whose partners did not consume alcohol presented a lower probability to be exposed to IPV (p<0.05; OR=0.182 and CI 95% [0.03-0.93]). Conclusion: Women's low self-esteem, babies' inappropriate weight and consumption of alcohol by partners were correlated to the occurrence of IPV.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el perfil y la autoestima de puérperas, las características de sus bebés y compañeros, y verificar sus asociaciones con la ocurrencia de Violencia de Pareja (VPI, siglas en portugués). Método: Estudio transversal, con 207 puérperas seguidas en servicio público. Resultados: No hubo asociación estadística entre variables sociodemográficas, características personales y obstétricas con la ocurrencia de VPI. Las puérperas con baja autoestima expresaron mayor riesgo de exposición a VPI (p<0,001; OR=2,01; IC 95% [1.40-2.87]). Las madres de bebés nacidos con peso inadecuado (abajo de 2500g) presentaron casi dos veces más posibilidades de sufrir violencia (p<0,05; OR=0,182; IC 95% [0.03-0.93]). Las mujeres cuyas parejas no consumían alcohol presentaron menores posibilidades de exposición a VPI (p<0,05; OR=0,182 e IC 95% [0.03-0.93]). Conclusión: La baja autoestima de las mujeres, el peso inadecuado del bebé y el consumo de alcohol de la pareja estuvieron asociados a la ocurrencia de VPI.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o perfil e a autoestima de puérperas, bem como as características de seus bebês e companheiros e, verificar suas associações com a ocorrência de Violência por Parceiro Íntimo (VPI). Método: Estudo transversal, com 207 puérperas acompanhadas em um ambulatório público. Resultados: Não houve associação estatística entre as variáveis sociodemograficas, características pessoais e obstétricas com a ocorrência de VPI. As puérperas com baixa autoestima apresentaram maior risco de exposição à VPI (p<0,01; OR=2,01 e IC 95% [1,40-2.87]). As mães dos bebês que nasceram com o peso inadequado (2500g) apresentaram quase duas vezes mais chances de sofrerem violência (p<0,05; OR=1,74 e IC 95% [1.00-3.03]). As mulheres cujos companheiros não faziam uso de álcool apresentaram menos chances de exposição à VPI (p<0,05; OR=0,182 e IC 95% [0.03-0.93]). Conclusão: A baixa autoestima das mulheres, o peso inadequado do bebê e o uso de álcool pelo companheiro estiveram associados à ocorrência de VPI.

Fatores associados à mamoplastia de aumento e o aleitamento materno / Factors associated to breast implants and breastfeeding / Factores asociados a la mamoplastia de aumento y la lactancia materna

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre as características cirúrgicas da mamoplastia de aumento, tempo decorrido da cirurgia, via de acesso, local de implantação e volume implantado e as variáveis relacionadas ao aleitamento, tipo, apojadura, ingurgitamento mamário, dor, lesão, produção láctea e uso de galactagogos. Método Coorte prospectiva realizada entre 2015 e 2017, com 115 puérperas com mamoplastia de aumento durante a internação hospitalar (12 a 72 horas após o parto), atendimento domiciliar (5º ao 7º dia após o parto) e contato telefônico (entre o 30º e o 32º dia após o parto). Resultados Na primeira avaliação, identificou-se o uso mais frequente de galactagogos orais (p=0,029) por puérperas com implante pré-peitoral, e de ocitocina spray por aquelas com prótese de até 270 ml (p=0,040). Na segunda avaliação, observou-se maior escore de dor naquelas com implante pré-peitoral (p=0,046). Em torno do 30º dia pós-parto, a presença de lesão mamilar (p=0,021), de dor (p=0,025) e seu maior escore (p=0,039) foram mais frequentes naquelas com mamoplastia realizada havia menos de 10 anos. Conclusão A presença e o maior escore dor, a ocorrência de lesão e o uso dos galactagogos orais e nasal estiveram associados ao local de implantação, ao tamanho da prótese e ao tempo decorrido da cirurgia.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the association between the surgical characteristics of breast implants, time elapsed since surgery, access route, implant placement and implanted volume and variables related to breastfeeding, type, first 'milk let-down', breast engorgement, pain, lesion, milk production and use of galactagogues. Method A prospective cohort carried out during the hospital stay (12 to 72 hours after delivery), home care (5thto 7thday after delivery) and telephone contact (between the 30thand 32ndday postpartum) of 115 postpartum women with breast implants between 2015 and 2017. Results The first evaluation identified more frequent use of oral galactagogues (p=0.029) by puerperal women with prepectoral implants, and of oxytocin spray by those with implants up to 270 ml (p=0.040). The second evaluation showed a higher pain score among those with prepectoral implants (p=0.046). Around the 30thday postpartum, the presence of nipple lesion (p=0.021), pain (p=0.025) and a higher pain score (p=0.039) was more frequent among those with mammoplasty performed less than 10 years ago. Conclusion The presence of pain and a higher pain score, the occurrence of lesion and the use of oral and nasal galactagogues were associated with implant placement, implant size and time elapsed since surgery.

RESUMEN Objetivo En el presente estudio se analizó la asociación entre las características quirúrgicas de la mamoplastia de aumento, tiempo transcurrido de la cirugía, vía de acceso, lugar de implantación y volumen implantado y las variables relacionadas con la lactancia, tipo, apogeo, ingurgitación mamaria, dolor, lesión, producción láctea y uso de galactagogos. Método Cohorte prospectiva realizada entre 2015 y 2017, con 115 puérperas con mamoplastia de aumento durante la internación hospitalaria (12 a 72 horas después del parto), atención domiciliar (5º al 7º día después del parto) y contacto telefónico (entre el 30º y el 32º día después del parto). Resultados En la primera evaluación, se identificó el uso más frecuente de galactagogos orales (p=0,029) por puérperas con implante pre-pectoral, y de oxitocina spray por aquellas con prótesis de hasta 270 ml (p=0,040). En la segunda evaluación, se observó mayor puntaje de dolor en aquellas con implante pre-pectoral (p=0,046). En torno al 30º día post-parto, la presencia de lesión mamilar (p=0,021), de dolor (p=0,025) y su mayor puntuación (p=0,039) fueron más frecuentes en aquellas con mamoplastia realizada hace menos de 10 años. Conclusión La presencia y el mayor puntaje de dolor, la ocurrencia de lesión y el uso de los galactagogos orales y nasales estuvieron asociados al lugar de implantación, al tamaño de la prótesis y al tiempo transcurrido de la cirugía.

Breastfeeding assessment instruments and their use in clinical practice. / Instrumentos de avaliação do aleitamento materno e seu uso na prática clínica.

OBJECTIVES: To identify breastfeeding assessment tools, their application in clinical practice, and their validation and cross-cultural adaptation. METHOD: This is an integrative review of literature obtained from six databases and an online library, conducted from August 2014 to December 2015, without a temporal delimitation. RESULTS: We identified 19 assessment tools, of which 12 were validated and five were cross-culturally adapted. In terms of adaptation, the tools were used to assess the risk of early weaning (BAPT) and the perception/behaviour of mothers during nursing (BSES-SF and IIFAS). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of the available instruments and their indications for breastfeeding assessments can help health workers choose the ideal instrument, and qualify maternal and child care.

Instrumentos de avaliação do aleitamento materno e seu uso na prática clínica / Instrumentos de evaluación de la lactancia materna y su uso en la práctica clínica / Breastfeeding assessment instruments and their use in clinical practice

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar instrumentos de avaliação da amamentação e sua aplicação na prática clínica, validação e adaptação transcultural. Método Revisão integrativa, realizada em seis bases de dados e em uma biblioteca eletrônica, entre agosto/2014-dezembro/2015, sem limitação temporal. Resultados Foram identificados 19 instrumentos de avaliação do AM. Destes, 12 foram validados e cinco foram adaptados transculturalmente. Quanto à aplicação, destacam-se seu uso para a avaliação do risco de desmame (BAPT) e a percepção/comportamento da mulher em amamentar (BSES-SF e IIFAS). Conclusão A identificação dos instrumentos disponíveis e de suas indicações para a avaliação do AM pode auxiliar profissionais na escolha pelo instrumento a ser utilizado, qualificando a assistência materno-infantil.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los instrumentos de evaluación de amamantamiento, la aplicación en la práctica clínica, validación y adaptación cultural. Método Revisión integradora, realizado en seis bases de datos y una biblioteca electrónica a partir de agosto/2014 a diciembre/2015 sin limitación temporal. Resultados Identificado 19 instrumentos de evaluación y, de estos, 12 fueron validados y cinco fueron adaptados culturalmente. La aplicación destaca su uso para evaluar el riesgo de destete (BAPT) y la percepción/comportamiento de las mujeres en enfermería (BSES-SF y IIFAS). Conclusiones La identificación de los instrumentos disponibles y sus indicaciones para la evaluación de la lactancia materna puede ayudar a los profesionales en la elección del instrumento que se utiliza, calificativo del cuidado materno-infantil.

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify breastfeeding assessment tools, their application in clinical practice, and their validation and cross-cultural adaptation. Method This is an integrative review of literature obtained from six databases and an online library, conducted from August 2014 to December 2015, without a temporal delimitation. Results We identified 19 assessment tools, of which 12 were validated and five were cross-culturally adapted. In terms of adaptation, the tools were used to assess the risk of early weaning (BAPT) and the perception/behaviour of mothers during nursing (BSES-SF and IIFAS). Conclusions The identification of the available instruments and their indications for breastfeeding assessments can help health workers choose the ideal instrument, and qualify maternal and child care.

Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Relieving Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Women: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Pain accruing from nipple lesions caused by inadequate latching by the baby is a common complaint among breastfeeding women and an important obstacle to successful breastfeeding. Nipple pain occurs during the first days after delivery and is considered one of the main causes for early weaning. To investigate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy as a treatment for nipple pain due to breastfeeding. A triple-blind, randomized, clinical study. A university-affiliated hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Fifty-nine women with nipple lesions at the time of their admission. Thirty women (intervention group) received three sessions of laser therapy (InGaAIP laser, 660 nanometer, 40 milliwatts of power, 5 Joules per square centimeter of energy density for 5 seconds each, total energy = 0.6 Joules) in the region of the nipples at three different points in time (0 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after diagnosis of nipple lesion). Twenty-nine women with similar clinical conditions were randomly assigned to the control group. Self-reported pain was recorded before and after laser therapy using a visual analogue scale. The intervention group experienced a decrease of 2.0 centimeters in intensity of pain (p = .016) 24 hours after the first intervention and also presented lower levels of pain compared with the control group. Low-level laser therapy was considered effective for treating nipple lesions in breastfeeding women with pain, providing relief and prolonging exclusive breastfeeding. More clinical trials with different laser dosimetry and parameters are necessary to optimize laser therapy protocols for breastfeeding women.

Prevalência de violência por parceiro íntimo relatada por puérperas / Prevalence of intimate partner violence reported by puerperal women

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de violência por parceiro íntimo relatada puérperas, classificar o tipo de violência, o período do ciclo gravídico puerperal na ocorrência e caracterizar o perfil do companheiro. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 207 puérperas. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado foi baseado no modelo proposto por Schraiberet. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de violência por parceiro íntimo antes, durante e/ou depois da gestação foi de 51,2%. O perfil do companheiro foi caracterizado como um grupo jovem, com boa escolaridade, trabalhador, não usuários de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da ocorrência de violência por parceiro íntimo relatado por puérperas foi de 51,2%.

OBJECTIVES: Estimating the prevalence of intimate partner violence reported by puerperal women, classifying the type of violence, the period of pregnancy and childbirth in the occurrence and characterizing the profile of partners. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 207 postpartum women. The survey instrument used was based on the model proposed by Schraiberet. RESULTS: The prevalence of intimate partner violence before, during and/or after pregnancy was 51.2%. The profile of partners was characterized as a young group, with good education, worker and non-user of licit or illicit drugs. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of occurrence of intimate partner violence reported by puerperal women was 51.2%.

[Health education: repercussions in the neuropsychomotor growth and development of the newborn]. / Educação em saúde: repercussões no crescimento e desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do recém-nascido.

The postpartum period is characterized by great physical and emotional changes, when parturients and families experience ambivalent and conflicting feelings and emotions, especially with the arrival of the baby, requiring the need of professional orientation and support. Having it in mind, it was searched the available literature evidence about health education, coming from a nursing team and directed to parturients and families, dealing with the newly born care and regarding its appropriate neuropsychomotor growth and development. It is clear the need of motivating the mother and the family to participate in the development of child care, increasing the success of health action results, once it provides autonomy and trust to this nucleus towards its acts, especially to the maternal role.

Educação em saúde: repercussões no crescimento e desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor do recém-nascido / Health education: repercussions in the neuropsychomotor growth and development of the newborn / Educación en salud: repercusiones en el crecimiento y el desarrollo neurológico y psicomotor del recién nacido

O período pós-parto caracteriza-se por grandes transformações físicas e emocionais, em que puérperas e familiares muitas vezes experimentam sentimentos e emoções ambivalentes e conflitantes, gerando necessidade de orientação e apoio profissional. Assim, buscou-se avaliar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre educação em saúde por parte da equipe de enfermagem para puérpera e familiares sobre cuidados com o recém-nascido, que reflita em seu adequado crescimento e desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Realizou-se revisão integrativa da literatura que resultou na análise de sete artigos. Ficou evidente a necessidade de incentivo à participação do núcleo familiar na construção do cuidado à criança potencializando o sucesso dos resultados das ações em saúde, uma vez que proporciona a este núcleo autonomia e confiança em seus atos.

The postpartum period is characterized by great physical and emotional changes, when parturients and families experience ambivalent and conflicting feelings and emotions, especially with the arrival of the baby, requiring the need of professional orientation and support. Having it in mind, it was searched the available literature evidence about health education, coming from a nursing team and directed to parturients and families, dealing with the newly born care and regarding its appropriate neuropsychomotor growth and development. It is clear the need of motivating the mother and the family to participate in the development of child care, increasing the success of health action results, once it provides autonomy and trust to this nucleus towards its acts, especially to the maternal role.

El período posparto se caracteriza por grandes transformaciones físicas y emocionales, donde las madres y miembros de la familia a menudo experimentan sentimientos y emociones ambivalentes y contradictorias, creando la necesidad de orientación profesional y de apoyo. Hemos tratado de evaluar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre educación para la salud por el personal de enfermería para la atención post-parto y la familia sobre el bebé que se refleja en su crecimiento y desarrollo psicomotor, lo que resultó en el análisis de siete artículos. Es evidente la necesidad de fomentar la participación de la familia en el cuidado infantil aprovechando el éxito de los resultados de las intervenciones de salud, ya que proporciona la autonomía central y la confianza.